Influence of salmon carcasses on stream productivity: response of biofilm and benthic macroinvertebrates in southeastern Alaska, U.S.A
نویسندگان
چکیده
This study was conducted to determine if salmon carcasses (from spawning adults) increased stream biofilm ash-free dry mass (AFDM) and benthic macroinvertebrate abundance in southeastern Alaska, U.S.A. Thirty-six once-through artificial streams were situated along, and received water and drifting invertebrates from, a natural stream. Two treatments (salmon carcass, control) were sampled six times during a 3-month period in a randomized incomplete block design with a 2 × 6 factorial treatment structure. Additionally, two natural stream sites were sampled once for biofilm and macroinvertebrates, one site receiving 75 000 adult salmon migrants during 1996 and the other upstream of spawning salmon. While biofilm AFDM was 15 times higher in carcass-enriched reaches of Margaret Creek, there were no detectable treatment differences in the artificial streams. Total macroinvertebrate densities were up to eight and 25 times higher in carcass-enriched areas of artificial and natural streams, respectively; Chironomidae midges, Baetis and Cinygmula mayflies, and Zapada stoneflies were the most abundant taxa. The increased biofilm in Margaret Creek and macroinvertebrate abundance in both systems suggest that salmon carcasses elevated freshwater productivity. This marine-based positive feedback mechanism may be crucial for sustaining aquatic–riparian ecosystem productivity and long-term salmonid population levels. Résumé : La présente étude visait à déterminer si les carcasses de saumon (géniteurs adultes) augmentaient la masse sèche exempte de cendres du film biologique d’un cours d’eau et l’abondance des macroinvertébrés benthiques dans le sud-est de l’Alaska (É.-U.). Trente-six cours d’eau artificiels à circulation ouverte ont été créés le long d’un cours d’eau naturel qui les alimentait en eau et en invertébrés à la dérive. Deux groupes de traitement (carcasse de saumon, témoin) ont été échantillonnés six fois pendant une période de trois mois dans le cadre d’un plan expérimental en blocs aléatoires incomplets avec une structure de traitement factorielle de 2 × 6. En outre, on a prélevé des échantillons de film biologique et de macroinvertébrés dans deux sites de cours d’eau naturels, un site recevant 75 000 saumons adultes migrants en 1996 et l’autre situé en amont de la frayère. Alors que le film biologique de masse sèche exempte de cendres était 15 fois plus élevé dans les tronçons du ruisseau Margaret enrichis par les carcasses, il n’y avait aucune différence de traitement décelable dans les cours d’eau artificiels. La densité totale de macroinvertébrés était respectivement jusqu’à huit et 25 fois supérieure dans les zones enrichies de carcasses des cours d’eau artificiels et naturels; les moucherons chironomidés, les éphémères Baetis et Cinygmula et les perles Zapada étaient les groupes les plus abondants. L’accroissement du film biologique dans le ruisseau Margaret et de l’abondance des macroinvertébrés dans les deux systèmes semblent indiquer que les carcasses de saumon font augmenter la productivité des eaux douces. Ce mécanisme de rétroaction positive provenant du milieu marin peut être critique pour le maintien de la productivité de l’écosystème aquatique et riverain et les niveaux de population de salmonidés à long terme. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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تاریخ انتشار 1998